Natural Resource Inventory for the Squaxin Island Tribe, Washington

In collaboration with Picea, Inc., the Conservation Biology Institute (CBI) conducted a comprehensive natural resource inventory for the Squaxin Island Tribe, located in western Washington at the southern extent of Puget Sound. The inventory focused on local and regional forest resources, emphasizing forest composition and age structure within both tribal lands and the surrounding region.

Using the Data Basin platform, approximately 200 relevant spatial datasets were curated and organized within a secure, private group space accessible to tribal members. As part of the analysis, a land cover update was performed, and forest condition profiles were developed by ownership type—with special attention to tribal lands—and by subwatershed.

The assessment revealed a wide range of forest conditions across the landscape. The resulting inventory is intended to serve as a dynamic, “living” resource, enabling the tribe to make informed management decisions grounded in the best available map-based data and science.

Bats provide critical pest control services in agricultural landscapes, yet agriculture poses significant direct and indirect threats to bats, primarily through habitat alteration and driving insect declines. This project investigated how agroecological land use—including the types of crops, the amount of protected land, and habitat restoration through the USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)—affects bat activity and diversity in the Columbia Plateau ecoregion of Eastern Washington, focusing on the state candidate species, Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), and other bat species of conservation concern.

We deployed acoustic monitors to monitor bats and camera traps to monitor nocturnal flying insects across nine protected sites (BLM and WDFW) in Douglas County from July–October 2024 and March–June 2025, spanning 163 monitoring nights. These sites represented a gradient of surrounding land types—cropland, CRP restoration, and protected natural habitat. Using generalized linear mixed-effects models, we analyzed how bat activity, species richness, diversity, and feeding behavior were influenced by environmental variables including climate, land cover, water features, and nocturnal flying insect abundance.

Key Findings

We recorded all 14 bat species expected in the region, including all Washington State Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) expected in the region. We detected C. townsendii 19 times across six of nine sites and all three study regions. Temperature emerged as the dominant environmental driver of bat activity, with both short-term nightly temperatures and long-term minimum temperatures strongly predicting bat diversity, activity, and feeding intensity.

Agricultural practices showed contrasting effects on bat communities. Insect-pollinated crops and greater crop diversity within 2–5 km were strongly associated with increased bat diversity and activity, particularly benefiting C. townsendii and other moth specialists, while more wind-pollinated crops at 20 km scales were associated with decreased bat diversity and activity. Bat activity, diversity, and foraging showed consistent negative relationships with CRP land across multiple spatial scales and CRP practices, including permanent grass plantings (CP1, CP2) and wildlife enhancements (CP38E).

Protected areas increased the chances of detecting several species, including C. townsendii. The presence of more springs and seeps had positive effects on total bat diversity and activity, underscoring the importance of water features for bats. Nocturnal insect abundance showed modest but significant effects on bat feeding activity, with fine-scale temporal correlations observed throughout the night.

Management Implications

These findings indicate that diverse bat communities, including vulnerable species like C. townsendii, are an active and important component of the agricultural landscapes of Eastern Washington. The positive associations between bats and diverse insect-pollinated crops suggests that diversified agricultural systems may provide more valuable foraging habitat than simplified agricultural systems composed primarily of cereal grains, and perhaps more even than grassland restoration through the CRP. Indeed, although they warrant further investigation, our results suggest that in order to better support bats, the CRP should strive to encompass habitat types and landscape features, such as water sources, that bats and their insect prey rely on. Furthermore, our results highlight that maintaining and expanding protected areas, particularly those that include water sources, is critical for the conservation of rare and vulnerable species like C. townsendii in agricultural landscapes.

Recommendations

1. Expand protected areas in key habitat areas for C. townsendii and other rare and vulnerable bat species
2. Prioritize conservation efforts for C. townsendii in northern Douglas County, where the species mostly occurs
3. Prioritize protection and restoration of springs, seeps, and other point water sources in agricultural landscape conservation planning
4. Investigate additional factors (e.g., contract age) that may affect the value of CRP land to bats, and reevaluate CRP habitat management practices to incorporate habitat features that better support bats and their insect prey
5. Encourage diverse crop rotations that include insect-pollinated species
6. Implement long-term monitoring programs using validated passive acoustic and camera-based techniques

Felidae Conservation Fund, Bay Area Puma Project, and Conservation Biology Institute co-produce an analysis and project to improve the connection to and from Mount Diablo

Description

The project aims to address the pressing issue of habitat fragmentation and lack of connectivity for mountain lions in the East Bay Diablo Range of the San Francisco Bay Area in California. The current situation poses a significant risk of inbreeding and local extinctions among these iconic predators, further threatening the fragile biodiversity of the region.To tackle this challenge, our project will identify potential linkages and barriers to movement for mountain lions, with the goal of establishing evidence-based conservation strategies. We will employ cutting-edge connectivity modeling and mapping techniques. We will also utilize state-of-the-art remote-sensing camera arrays to capture and analyze wildlife movement patterns in the East Bay Diablo Range. These camera arrays will provide valuable data to ground-truth linkage models, allowing us to accurately identify potential corridors and barriers for mountain lion movement. By combining cutting-edge modeling techniques and technology with on-the-ground fieldwork, we will enhance the precision and effectiveness of our conservation strategies, ensuring that our efforts are grounded in robust scientific evidence.

By identifying and restoring crucial corridors, we aim to mitigate the adverse effects of habitat isolation, promote gene flow, and safeguard genetic diversity among mountain lion populations. This, in turn, will contribute to the overall health and resilience of the East Bay Diablo Range ecosystem.

The project’s success will rely on a multidisciplinary approach, combining scientific research, community involvement, and policy advocacy. By addressing the challenges of habitat fragmentation and promoting connectivity, we aim to ensure the long-term persistence of mountain lions in the East Bay Diablo Range while preserving the rich biodiversity that characterizes this unique region.

Overall, this project represents a vital opportunity to protect and restore critical habitats, prevent local extinctions, and secure the future of mountain lions in the San Francisco Bay Area. By investing in the conservation of these iconic predators, we will safeguard the ecological integrity of the East Bay Diablo Range and also enhance the overall health and resilience of the region for generations to come.

The Project Page for this is periodically updated, and is currently located at

https://felidaefund.org/projects/research/pumalink

Because of the importance of the Central Valley of California to shorebirds along the Pacific Flyway, considerable conservation investments have been made in the area’s agricultural fields and managed wetlands. Through their BirdReturns and Bid4Birds programs, The Nature Conservancy and the California Ricelands Waterbird Foundation pay rice farmers to flood fields to decompose post-harvest rice thatch and, in doing so, create habitat for shorebirds. Previous research by CBI and The Nature Conservancy researchers found that shorebird density (birds/hectare) increased with earlier fall flooding and in fields managed to be approximately 50% flooded, 5-10 cm deep, and with minimal straw or stubble cover in fall. Lower soil clay content and flooding consistency – either at a site that is continually flooded over many months or a site that has been flooded in previous years – was also associated with higher shorebird density. Finally, the team found preliminary evidence that fields flooded by groundwater, instead of surface water, were associated with higher shorebird density. These findings are important for guiding continued shorebird management in agricultural landscapes.

Combining the five years of data on shorebird abundance used in the original study with an additional five years of more recent data, we are going to expand our preliminary analysis on the importance of water source on shorebird abundance. Specifically, we are going to explore whether more shorebirds are found in fields flooded with surface water versus groundwater. Assuming that shorebirds prefer groundwater in the expanded analysis, our next priority is to explore why, where our first hypothesis is water quality. Using a number of public resources that sample groundwater quality (nitrates, sodium, and arsenic) and surface water quality (pH, turbidity, temperature, conductance, and dissolved oxygen), we will explore whether shorebird abundance is associated with any of these water metrics. Determining the best practices for habitat creation in agricultural landscapes is critically important for conservation and recovery of declining shorebird populations.

Providing Tools for USDA Monitoring and Assessment

CBI is using the latest remote sensing, machine learning, and modeling approaches to assess the quality of grasslands and pollinator habitat. Outputs from this analysis will be delivered to USDA through an online-decision support system, designed and built by CBI, called the USDA Conservation Toolkit. This suite of map-based tools will support the USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and other land-based conservation and restoration programs operating across the United States. CRP currently covers ~24.8 million acres of working lands nationwide.

Goal: Assess ecosystems services across the CRP portfolio

• Generate products to support USDA policies and program initiatives
• Provide actionable conservation intelligence

Targets

• Quantify foundational supporting ecosystem services across CRP enrollments
  • Grasslands ecosystem quality
  • Pollinator habitat quality
• Incorporate resulting spatial data and metrics into online applications, allowing for program reporting at multiple scales
• A priority for this effort is to quantify the CRP national portfolio return on investment, screening enrolled farms, and assessing at state, regional and national scales

CBI CRP Grassland Quality Model – Overview

Components

• Integrative, comprehensive approach to modeling using the best available spatial data and remotely sensed metrics (e.g. National vegetation surveys, NLCD, Rangeland Analysis Platform (RAP), custom CBI products)
• Leverages outputs from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-computing platform with CBI’s customized library of 200+ vegetation indices

How is it unique?

• Hierarchical measure of grassland ecosystem vigor, community composition, and resilience
• Expandable framework produces multidimensional metrics to quantify patterns across the landscape
• Summarizes information across CRP farms and practices
• Offers insights on baseline current state and local condition at multiple scales

Pollinator Habitat Quality Model – Overview

What does it offer USDA?

• Multi-dimensional, non-monetary valuation of pollinator habitat
• Foundation for field to landscape-level spatial analytics for CRP assessment and reporting
• Illustrates CRP return on investment at a programmatic scale and quantifies enrolled land performance with nuanced metrics

How is it unique?

• Builds on the benchmark InVest© model framework 
• Informed by 300,000 bee observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
• Innovations for bee flight, nesting, and floral suitability estimates

Abstract:

“Wildfires can be devastating for social and ecological systems, but the recovery period after wildfire presents opportunities to reduce future risk through adaptation. We use a collective case study approach to systematically compare social and ecological recovery following four major fire events in Australia and the United States: the 1998 wildfires in northeastern Florida; the 2003 Cedar fire in southern California; the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria, southeastern Australia; and the 2011 Bastrop fires in Texas. Fires spurred similar policy changes, with an emphasis on education, land use planning, suppression/emergency response, and vegetation management. However, there was little information available in peer-reviewed literature about social recovery, ecological recovery was mostly studied short term, and feedbacks between social and ecological outcomes went largely uncon- sidered. Strategic and holistic approaches to wildfire recovery that consider linkages within and between social–ecological systems will be increasingly critical to determine if recovery leads to adaptation or recreates vulnerability.

Abstract:

Ecological connectivity is increasingly acknowledged as crucial for biodiversity conservation. Iverson et al. suggest that increasing stewardship to ensure permeability is a better approach than protecting linkages between protected areas. We argue that the optimal approach depends on the landscape context, conservation goals, and species involved and suggest that linkage plans can prioritize specific places for protection and improved management. However, when using connectivity models as predictive tools, model validation is vital. We commend Iverson et al. for assessing whether modeled linkages were important predictors of species presence. We disagree, though, with the authors’ conclusion that their findings challenge the theory and practice of modeling linkages and explain that the reason may be the misalignment of the validation assumptions with model objectives. We offer our perspective on best practices for conducting validation studies and note factors to consider with respect to data used for model validation and model expectations.

Map-based tools that support the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) of USDA and other land-based conservation and restoration programs in the U.S

USDA contracted the Conservation Biology Institute (CBI) to design and build a free online easy-to-use Plant and Vendor finder to support the producers associated with the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). However, the tool is not limited to the CRP program and can serve the needs of any land stewardship effort requiring native seeds/seedlings. In partnership with the Institute for Applied Ecology (IAE) we have added features to address the needs of the Native Seed Network and significantly expanded the native seed customer and vendor base.

The seed and vendor finder can be found here: Plant and Vendor Finder

Currently, CBI has seeded the tool with 214 vendors found through an online search from across the country with limited profiles, and 45 have voluntarily completed full profiles which includes their plant catalogue. The tool is designed for easy uploading of their profile and inventory. It also provides an opportunity for vendors without a website to have an online presence and be found by customers looking for seeds. 

The map-based Plant Finder tool allows you to easily find plants suitable for your location that meet particular growing conditions (e.g., ecological sites, soil conditions, moisture requirements, and specific environmental tolerances) as well as provide specific benefits (e.g., livestock browse, wildlife habitat, and pollinator support). Once a species list is generated, the Vendor Match tool identifies where seeds and/or seedlings from your species list can be purchased. The Vendor Browse tool allows you to easily browse a map view of the registered vendors in your state or across the country where seeds and seedlings can be purchased. 

All data content is from authoritative sources, including NRCS state resources, NRCS Ecological Site program, and the USDA PLANTS database. 

The vendor match and browse tools have been updated in partnership with the Institute for Applied Ecology (IAE)for the Native Seed Network. Note that IAE uses its legacy name `Seed Finder tool’ for what is essentially the same as the USDA Plant and Vendor finder tool.

Tutorial Videos

Southern California’s montane conifer forests are primarily restricted to the “sky islands” of the San Jacinto, San Bernardino, and San Gabriel Mountains. These unique ecosystems protect the upper watersheds of all of the region’s major rivers and provide ecosystem services critical to both human and ecosystem climate resilience. Managers are in a race to restore resilience to these forests, which are threatened with conversion to hardwood and shrub due to severe wildfires and regeneration failure. 

This partnership between the US Forest Service, San Diego State University, and Conservation Biology Institute is applying the latest research on interactions between multiple disturbances specific to this ecoregion to plan effective conservation action. 

The effort expands on research from the Connecting Wildlands and Communities project that developed a landscape-scale framework to map refugia from multiple stressors, and ongoing research projects at CBI developing dynamic wildfire and vegetation succession models for understanding the synergistic impacts of climate change, land use change, and different management scenarios.

The team will work with scientists and managers to build interactive spatial models using CBI’s Environmental Evaluation Modeling System (EEMS) with location-specific data to support the collaborative development of a conservation strategy customized to address the threats faced by southern California’s montane forests.

By disrupting wildfire regimes, climate and land use change transform ecosystems, alter carbon budgets, and drive socio-economic impacts in California. We propose to quantify how projected peri-urban growth in the wildland urban interface, climate change, and local management actions influence wildfire activity and downstream effects on vegetation transitions, carbon release, biodiversity, and vulnerable human communities. 

 We will model wildfire risk as a function of a limited set of stakeholder-guided, realistic future scenarios, using the LANDIS-II simulation model. Past studies have shown the importance of human ignition location and timing on wildfire activity in Southern California, a mechanism we will explore using different land use change scenarios. 

 We will also model and analyze the potential influence of increasing atmospheric aridity on fire size and severity in forests and compare these effects to adjacent shrubland plant communities. 

 Taken together, climate, land use, and other environmental variables can lead to fire-driven vegetation type conversion, which can influence carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and even future fire risk to human communities. 

  Finally, we will explicitly evaluate how different modeled management actions influence wildfire, plant succession, and carbon sequestration. The resulting maps and spatial products will help managers prioritize locations for conservation and management actions. Overlaying maps of vulnerable human communities and biodiversity hotspots with future wildfire change and downstream impacts can better define locations for priority action to facilitate co-benefits to human and natural resources.   This research will contribute to scientific publications and be directly relevant to managers, including the Southern California Montane Forests Project.